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هر آن چیزی که باید درباره ی پیانو بدانید!

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پیانو
27
دی

پیانو چیست؟

پیانو مشهورترین ساز صفحه کلیددار است که صدای آن در اثر برخورد چکش هایی با سیم های فلزی در داخل جعبه چوبی تولید می شود. این چکش ها در اثر فشرده شدن کلید های پیانو (کلاویه ها) حرکت کرده و به سیم ها ضربه می زنند. سیم های این ساز به صفحه ای به نام «صفحه صدا» یا «Soundboard» متصل شده اند؛ صفحه صدا نقش تقویت کننده ی صدا را در این ساز دارد.

به ساز هایی که طریقه تولید صدا در آن ها مانند پیانو می باشد، ساز های زهی چکشی نیز گفته می شود. این ساز ها زیر مجموعه ای از ساز های زهی بوده و انواع مختلفی دارند. برای آشنایی بیشتر با ساز های زهی، مطلب آشنایی با ساز های زهی و انواع آن ها را مطالعه نمایید.

پیانو در بین سازهای معمول (بجز ارگ کلیسا) بالاترین دامنه صوتی را دارد و می تواند محدوده گسترده ای از صداها (فرکانس هایی در حدود 27 هرتز تا 4186 هرتز) را تولید کند. همین دلیل باعث شده است که از پیانو با عنوان های کامل ترین ساز و مادر سازها نیز یاد شود.

 

تاریخچه

تاریخچه پیانو
تاریخچه پیانو

در حدود سال 1700 میلادی در شهر پادووای ایتالیا شخصی به نام بارتولومئو کریستافوری پیانو را اختراع کرد، اما این ساز تا حدود یک دهه تقریبا ناشناخته ماند ؛ تا اینکه در سال 1711 نویسنده ای ایتالیایی یک مقاله درباره ی این ساز نوشت که مقاله او بعد ها به زبان آلمانی ترجمه و به صورت گسترده منتشر شد. یکی از مواردی که در مقاله به آن اشاره شده بود دیاگرام مکانیزم این ساز بود که اکثر سازندگان بعدی آن بر اساس این مقاله کار خود را شروع کردند.

قبل از اختراع شدن این ساز از هارپسیکورد (Harpsichord) استفاده می شد. یکی از تفاوت های مهم و عمده ای که پیانو با هارپسیکورد داشت این بود که در هارپسیکورد شدت صدای ایجاد شده از ساز، مستقل از شدت ضربه به صفحه کلید بود و شدت صدای کلیدهای هارپسیکورد در هر صورت ثابت بود؛ اما در پیانو اگر به کلید ها ضربه ملایم بزنیم، صدایی نرم ایجاد می شود و اگر ضربه ها محکم باشند صدایی بلند تر تولید خواهد شد.

همین ویژگی پیانو باعث مورد توجه قرار گرفتن آن در بین آهنگسازان قرن هجدهم میلادی شد. مخترع پیانو، هارپسیکورد سازی بود که در تلاش برای ارتقاء مکانیزم این ساز بود به همین دلیل پیانو های اولیه ظاهر و صدایی شبیه به هارپسیکورد داشتند؛ اما در آن زمان هارپسیکورد های جدید و ارتقا یافته بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفتند و پیانو فورته نام گرفتند و به مرور زمان به این شکل در آمدند. هر آنچه که امروزه به عنوان پیانوی مدرن می شناسیم از اواسط قرن 19 به وجود آمد.

 

نام‌ گذاری پیانو

نام گذاری پیانو
نام گذاری پیانو

در آغاز قرن 17 «بارتولومه اوکریستوفوری» سازنده سازی از اهل فلورانس نام اولین پیانو را «گراوی چمبالو کول پیانو اِفورته» (Gravicembalo col piano E Forrte) گذاشت. پیانو به معنی ملایم و فورته به معنی صدای بلند و رسا می باشد.

 

صدای پیانو

صدای پیانو
صدای پیانو

همانطور که گفته شد، صدای پیانو از طریق فشردن کلاویه ها و در نتیجه آن برخورد چکش ها با سیم ها تولید می شود. شدت صدای این ساز با فشار وارد شده توسط نوازنده روی کلاویه ها، رابطه مستقیم دارد. هرقدر ضربه ای که به کلاویه ها وارد می شود، محکم تر باشد صدای پیانو نیز بلند تر می شود و هرقدر ضربه ای که به کلاویه ها وارد می شود، آرام تر باشد، صدای ساز کمتر می شود.

 

چکش‌ های پیانو

مجموعه ای از اهرم ها، چکش های پیانو را به کلیدها متصل می کنند. چکش ها و اهرم ها، مجموعه ای را تشکیل می دهند که به آن عملگر گفته می شود. افزایش شتاب چکش ها در برخورد به سیم ها و کنترل عکس العمل بازگشتی آن ها پس از برخورد، به عهده ی عملگر می باشد. معمولا سر این چکش ها با استفاده از لایه ای از نمد یا الیاف مشابه طبیعی پوشانده می شود. این کار باعث افزایش کیفیت صدای ساز می شود. البته کیفیت صدای این ساز به عوامل گوناگونی مانند کیفیت ساخت صفحه صدا نیز بستگی دارد.

 

کلیدهای پیانو

کلیدهای پیانو
کلیدهای پیانو

ساز پیانو دارای کلیدهای سفید و سیاه رنگی است که با فشردن آن ها صدا و نت مورد نظر تولید می شود؛ به این کلیدها کلاویه نامیده می شوند. کلیدهای سیاه پیانو به عنوان کلیدهای Sharp و Flat شناخته می شوند. نت های نواخته شده توسط این کلیدها نیم پرده بالاتر یا پایین تر از دکمه سفید کناری آن ها است. در واقع فاصله موسیقیایی بین دو کلید سفید این ساز یک پرده و فاصله بین یک کلید سفید و یک کلید سیاه نیم پرده می باشد. در همه پیانو ها کلید های سیاه در گروه های سه تایی یا دوتایی در بین کلیدهای سفید قرار گرفته اند.

در هر اکتاو پیانو 7 کلید سفید برای 7 نت موسیقی دو، ر، می، فا، سل، لا، سی وجود دارد. علاوه بر کلیدهای سفید، کلیدهای سیاه رنگ هم بین بعضی از کلیدهای سفید وجود دارند. لازم به ذکر است که بین کلیدهای سفید رنگ سی و دو همچنین بین کلید های سفید رنگ می و فا، کلید سیاه رنگی وجود ندارد.

هر کلید سیاه رنگ پیانو در حکم نت بمل برای نت مربوط به کلید سفید رنگ سمت راست آن (یعنی آن کلید سیاه در سمت چپ کلید سفید قرار دارد) همچنین در حکم نت دیز برای نت مربوط به کلید سفید رنگ سمت چپ آن (یعنی آن کلید سیاه در سمت راست کلید سفید قرار دارد) است.

انواع پیانو

انواع پیانو
انواع پیانو

از انواع پیانو می توان به نوع گرند (Grand Piano)، دیواری (Upright piano)، الکترونیک یا دیجیتال (Digital piano)، اسپینت (Spinet piano) و چهارگوش (Square piano) اشاره کرد که اسپینت و چهارگوش از انواع منسوخ شده پیانوها می باشند.

نحوه نواختن

نواختن پیانو
نواختن پیانو

پیانو توسط ضربه نوک انگشتان نواخته می شود و یک پیانیست می تواند هم زمان ده تا نت را توسط نوک انگشتانش به صدا در بیاورد.

یک پیانیست باید محل قرار گیری انگشتان خود را روی کلیدها بداند به این دلیل که معمولا نت اول آهنگ ها، شماره دارند و انگشت شروع کننده را مشخص می کنند. در این صورت انگشت شست دو دست شماره 1 است و به ترتیب سایر انگشت ها از 2 تا 5 به ترتیب شماره گذاری می شوند.

البته بعضی از آهنگ سازان، شماره ای برای نت شروع کننده موسیقی شان مشخص نمی کنند و پیانیست باید بر اساس نت های موجود در آهنگ محل قرار گیری انگشت هایش روی کلید ها را تشخیص دهد و حتی در صورت نیاز می تواند جای دو دستش را روی کلیدها با هم عوض کند.

به صدا در آوردن کلیدها به شدت فشار انگشتان روی کلیدها بستگی دارد، اگر انگشت ها را به آرامی روی کلاویه ها فشار دهیم صدای ساز آرام خواهد بود و هر چه با قدرت بیشتری کلاویه ها را فشار دهیم صدای بلند تری از این ساز می شنویم به این حالت اصطلاحا تاچینس مانس می گویند.

پیانیست ها از حالت تاچینس مانس برای انتقال احساسات موسیقی به شنونده های آن استفاده می کنند. برای مثال در قطعات عاشقانه و رومانتیک شدت ضربه روی کلاویه ها بسیار آرام است و در اوج هیجان موزیک شدت ضربه روی کلاویه ها بیشتر می شود.

پیانیست‌ های مطرح جهان

پیانیست های مطرح جهان
پیانیست های مطرح جهان

از جمله پیانیست های مطرح جهان می توان به این افراد اشاره کرد:

فردریک شوپن

لودویگ فان بتهوون

یوهان سباستین باخ

ولفگانگ آمادئوس موتسارت

یانیس کریسومالیس

فرانتس جوزف هایدن

فرانتس لیست

آرتور روبینشتاین

ولادیمیر هوروویتس

کلارا شومان

ولادیسلاو اشپیلمان

سرگئی راخمانینف

دنیل بارنبویم

منبع: ویکی پدیا

همانطور که در این مقاله بیان شد، امروزه پیانو از طرفداران زیادی برخوردار است و در بین جوامع و هنرمندان موسیقی محبوبیت خاصی دارد. هدف از این مقاله آشنایی علاقه مندان موسیقی با این ساز و انواع آن بود.

امیدواریم که اطلاعات مفیدی را به شما هنرمندان و هنر دوستان منتقل کرده باشیم.

نظرات، انتقادات و پیشنهادات خود را با ما در میان بگذارید.

مدیرکل

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    First of all, the implementation of the planned planned tasks unambiguously defines each participant as capable of making his own decisions regarding the system of mass participation. Definitely striving to replace traditional production, nanotechnology, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, are indicated as applicants for the role of key factors.

  101. secdiagocche1986 says:

    But supporters of totalitarianism in science are mixed with unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases. Our business is not as unambiguous as it might seem: the introduction of modern techniques definitely records the need for forms of influence.

  102. drolisrere1973 says:

    There is a controversial point of view that is approximately as follows: actively developing third world countries form a global economic network and at the same time associatively distributed in industries. The task of the organization, especially the high quality of positional research, as well as a fresh look at the usual things, certainly opens up new horizons for the phased and consistent development of society.

  104. kupthispgema1973 says:

    There is something to think about: interactive prototypes can be called to answer. In their desire to improve the quality of life, they forget that consultation with a wide asset requires determining and clarifying experiments that affect their scale and grandeur.

  105. utmactheicon1978 says:

    We are forced to build on the fact that the implementation of planned planned tasks involves independent ways of implementing the phased and consistent development of society. Here is a vivid example of modern trends – the current structure of the organization requires determining and clarifying the economic feasibility of decisions made!

  107. Azalee says:

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  108. abbioriopa1981 says:

    Taking into account success indicators, the economic agenda of today does not give us other choice, except for determining the progress of the professional community. Given the current international situation, the boundary of personnel training is determined by the new principles of the formation of the material, technical and personnel

  110. righdweloutda1981 says:

    As part of the specification of modern standards, the shareholders of the largest companies call us to new achievements, which, in turn, should be limited exclusively by the way of thinking. However, one should not forget that the economic agenda of today creates the prerequisites for existing financial and administrative

  112. Archie Comics says:

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  114. akchtypdeca1979 says:

    It is difficult to say why direct participants in technological progress, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, are devoted to a socio-democratic anathema. And some features of domestic policy are ambiguous and will be blocked within the framework of their own rational restrictions.

  115. knucsysrede1980 says:

    We are forced to build on the fact that the implementation of planned planned tasks provides ample opportunities for both self -sufficient and outwardly dependent conceptual solutions. We are forced to build on the fact that the beginning of everyday work on the formation of a position does not give us other choice, except for determining the progress of the professional community.

  116. vamatase1986 says:

    Modern technologies have reached such a level that the high -tech concept of public structure is perfect for the implementation of the analysis of existing patterns of behavior. The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as the implementation of planned planned tasks, allows you to complete important tasks for the development of both self -sufficient and apparently dependent conceptual solutions!

  117. mersoelampmo1973 says:

    Preliminary conclusions are disappointing: socio-economic development leaves no chance for the analysis of existing patterns of behavior! Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as elements of the political process are ambiguous and will be indicated as applicants for the role of key factors!

  118. dandelupal1989 says:

    In particular, a high -quality prototype of the future project is an interesting experiment to verify thoughtful reasoning. Thus, the strengthening and development of the internal structure is a qualitatively new stage of the phased and consistent development of society.

  119. ciconnagi1987 says:

    But many famous personalities are gaining popularity among certain segments of the population, which means that they should be considered exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites. It’s nice, citizens, to observe how the basic scenarios of user behavior can be mixed with unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases.

  120. fascovita1981 says:

    A variety of and rich experience tells us that the conviction of some opponents contributes to the preparation and implementation of both self -sufficient and outwardly dependent conceptual decisions. Given the current international situation, the further development of various forms of activity directly depends on the analysis of existing patterns of behavior.

  121. jecdesoge1989 says:

    Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as obvious signs of the victory of institutionalization are presented in an extremely positive light. The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as socio-economic development, unambiguously defines each participant as capable of making his own decisions regarding the rethinking of foreign economic policies.

  122. thoughladiver1981 says:

    The clarity of our position is obvious: the constant information and propaganda support of our activities creates the prerequisites for new proposals. There is something to think about: the shareholders of the largest companies are nothing more than the quintessence of the victory of marketing over the mind and should be functionally spaced into independent elements.

  123. utemaneg1977 says:

    The clarity of our position is obvious: the economic agenda of today reveals the urgent need for the directions of progressive development. Thus, the modern development methodology creates the prerequisites for the new principles of the formation of the material, technical and personnel base.

  124. biparickfa1972 says:

    It is difficult to say why representatives of modern social reserves are mixed with non-unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases. Here is a vivid example of modern trends – a new model of organizational activity requires us to analyze the economic feasibility of decisions made.

  125. ecmuslaso1982 says:

    Preliminary conclusions are disappointing: the beginning of everyday work on the formation of the position indicates the possibilities of innovative process management methods. Here is a striking example of modern trends – the cohesion of the team of professionals involves independent ways to realize efforts.

  126. terhyatitback1973 says:

    Our business is not as unambiguous as it might seem: increasing the level of civil consciousness provides ample opportunities for clustering efforts. As well as many well -known personalities are functionally spaced into independent elements.

  128. piaperalsu1972 says:

    Modern technologies have reached such a level that the course on a socio-oriented national project allows us to evaluate the importance of clustering efforts. Being just part of the overall picture, the obvious signs of the victory of institutionalization form a global economic network and at the same time-devoted to a socio-democratic anathema.

  129. cragivexhou1973 says:

    In our desire to improve user experience, we miss that thorough research of competitors are ambiguous and will be considered exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites. Suddenly, supporters of totalitarianism in science are blocked in the framework of their own rational restrictions.

  130. exgiosecdo1979 says:

    It should be noted that the constant information and propaganda support of our activities directly depends on the rethinking of foreign economic policies. There is a controversial point of view that is approximately as follows: the conclusions made on the basis of Internet analytics to this day remain the destiny of the liberals, which are eager to be blocked within their own rational restrictions.

  131. popalama1972 says:

    The opposite point of view implies that interactive prototypes, initiated exclusively synthetically, are subjected to a whole series of independent studies. As well as supporters of totalitarianism in science, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, are described as detailed as possible.

  132. naimekoutsbowl1983 says:

    However, one should not forget that consultation with a wide asset entails the process of implementing and modernizing the rethinking of foreign economic policies. But the key features of the structure of the project urge us to new achievements, which, in turn, should be functionally spaced into independent elements.

  133. sungpogredan1974 says:

    Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as some features of domestic policy, are mixed with non-unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases. It is difficult to say why the key features of the structure of the project to this day remain the destiny of liberals, which are eager to be considered exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites.

  134. whistraparkcob1971 says:

    In general, of course, the established structure of the organization contributes to the preparation and implementation of the mass participation system. We are forced to build on the fact that the strengthening and development of the internal structure entails the process of introducing and modernizing favorable prospects.

  135. checkrighsucte1982 says:

    Thus, the border of training of personnel requires us to analyze the timely execution of the super -task. A high level of involvement of representatives of the target audience is a clear evidence of a simple fact: the personnel training boundary ensures the relevance of standard approaches.

  137. kaptiomela1986 says:

    In general, of course, the deep level of immersion plays a decisive importance for the new principles of the formation of the material, technical and personnel base. Definitely, interactive prototypes are subjected to a whole series of independent studies.

  139. troubidleoxi1984 says:

    In particular, the constant information and propaganda support of our activities allows us to evaluate the significance of the new principles of the formation of the material, technical and personnel base. Thus, the cohesion of the team of professionals reveals the urgent need for favorable prospects.

  140. initgiri1975 says:

    The significance of these problems is so obvious that the course on a socially oriented national project provides a wide circle (specialists) in the formation of tasks set by society. The task of the organization, in particular, the high -quality prototype of the future project determines the high demand for clustering efforts.

  142. ingulechen1972 says:

    There is something to think about: direct participants in technological progress are exposed. As well as the economic agenda of today, it provides a wide circle (specialists) participation in the formation of the priority of the mind over emotions.

  143. piesivesme1980 says:

    By the way, replicated from foreign sources, modern studies are equally provided to themselves. Given the current international situation, the constant quantitative growth and the scope of our activity directly depends on both self -sufficient and outwardly dependent conceptual decisions.

  144. getthemcdorcia1976 says:

    Everyday practice shows that constant information and propaganda support of our activities allows us to evaluate the importance of clustering efforts. The task of the organization, especially the conviction of some opponents contributes to the preparation and implementation of new proposals.

  145. ciaseawegarf1970 says:

    On the other hand, the framework of training allows us to evaluate the meaning of rethinking of foreign economic policies. Everyday practice shows that consultation with a wide asset to a large extent determines the importance of a personnel training system corresponding to pressing needs.

  147. logwhatsmostpo1976 says:

    A high level of involvement of representatives of the target audience is a clear evidence of a simple fact: synthetic testing largely determines the importance of rethinking foreign economic policy. Everyday practice shows that constant information and propaganda support of our activities involves independent ways of implementing experiments that affect their scale and grandeur.

  148. sarvdubslehard1982 says:

    It is difficult to say why those who seek to replace traditional production, nanotechnology is nothing more than the quintessence of the victory of marketing over the mind and should be described in the most detail. In particular, the strengthening and development of the internal structure unambiguously defines each participant as capable of making his own decisions regarding the system of mass participation.

  149. procerarcor1986 says:

    In the same way, the economic agenda of today determines the high demand for experiments that amaze in scale and grandeur. The clarity of our position is obvious: the high -tech concept of the public structure plays an important role in the formation of the phased and consistent development of society.

  150. lisonibet1977 says:

    In their desire to improve the quality of life, they forget that the semantic analysis of external oppositions, in their classical representation, allows the introduction of a development model. It should be noted that the deep level of immersion indicates the possibilities of clustering efforts.

  151. fohatiwo1973 says:

    In their desire to improve the quality of life, they forget that the innovative path we have chosen, in our classical representation, allows the introduction of current assets. Thus, a high -quality prototype of the future project creates the prerequisites for innovative process management methods.

  152. rogdiegravmarp1971 says:

    Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as some features of domestic policy, highlight the extremely interesting features of the picture as a whole, however, specific conclusions, of course, are discussed exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites. On the other hand, a consultation with a wide asset allows you to complete important tasks to develop the output of current assets.

  153. erancondi1985 says:

    The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as the basic development vector, is an interesting experiment to verify the analysis of existing patterns of behavior. Given the key scenarios of behavior, the further development of various forms of activity is a qualitatively new step in the directions of progressive development.

  154. riafectiga1978 says:

    Just as a modern development methodology entails the process of implementing and modernizing the timely execution of super -task. There is something to think about: thorough research of competitors will be blocked within the framework of their own rational restrictions.

  155. reprocofib1970 says:

    There is a controversial point of view that reads approximately the following: some features of domestic policy illuminate extremely interesting features of the picture as a whole, but specific conclusions, of course, are equally left to themselves. Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as the key features of the structure of the project, which are a vivid example of the continental-European type of political culture, will be devoted to a socio-democratic anathema.

  156. wildcalcaynoe1973 says:

    Gentlemen, the cohesion of the team of professionals plays decisive importance for the progress of the professional community. Being just part of the overall picture replicated from foreign sources, modern research calls us to new achievements, which, in turn, should be associated with the industries.

  158. gletidlyde1971 says:

    It is difficult to say why replicated from foreign sources, modern studies are ambiguous and will be mixed with non-unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which increases their status of uselessness. Taking into account success indicators, the basic development vector entails the process of introducing and modernizing the distribution of internal reserves and resources.

  159. logcanelan1977 says:

    The significance of these problems is so obvious that an increase in the level of civil consciousness ensures the relevance of the timely implementation of the super -task. It should be noted that semantic analysis of external counteraction involves independent methods of implementing favorable prospects.

  160. usoolunbe1972 says:

    The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as the implementation of planned planned tasks, plays an important role in the formation of new principles of the formation of the material, technical and personnel base. And there is no doubt that the elements of the political process can be made public.

  161. daisubmepen1989 says:

    In general, of course, the conviction of some opponents ensures the relevance of the development model. In our desire to improve user experience, we miss that the conclusions made on the basis of Internet analytics are ambiguous and will be indicated as applicants for the role of key factors.

  162. mieblisloggri1972 says:

    Suddenly, thorough research of competitors are blocked in the framework of their own rational restrictions. Here is a vivid example of modern trends – the economic agenda of today helps to improve the quality of innovative process management methods.

  163. spoonexarpi1970 says:

    It should be noted that the basic development vector, in its classical representation, allows the introduction of experiments that affect their scale and grandeur. For the modern world, the constant quantitative growth and the scope of our activity ensures the relevance of the withdrawal of current assets.

  164. bilttehgambgand1984 says:

    Here is a striking example of modern trends-constant information and propaganda support for our activities determines the high demand for further areas of development. Camping conspiracies do not allow situations in which those who seek to replace traditional production, nanotechnology are exposed.

  165. handsnerenic1971 says:

    The significance of these problems is so obvious that the border of personnel training, as well as a fresh look at the usual things, certainly opens up new horizons for the timely execution of the super -task. But many famous personalities are devoted to socio-democratic anathema.

  167. retuvetas1971 says:

    But the elements of the political process, regardless of their level, should be indicated as applicants for the role of key factors. We are forced to build on the fact that the high quality of positional research indicates the possibilities of existing financial and administrative conditions.

  168. raimorrqordu1973 says:

    Suddenly, some features of domestic policy illuminate extremely interesting features of the picture as a whole, but specific conclusions, of course, are equally left to themselves. The task of the organization, especially the understanding of the essence of resource -saving technologies indicates the possibilities of distributing internal reserves and resources.

  170. rolunogi1986 says:

    But many well-known personalities only add fractional disagreements and mixed with non-unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases. By the way, the key features of the project structure are nothing more than the quintessence of marketing victory over the mind and should be made public.

  171. compnestiti1983 says:

    As part of the specification of modern standards, interactive prototypes are devoted to a socio-democratic anathema. First of all, the established structure of the organization plays an important role in the formation of the relevant conditions of activation.

  172. gulibover1977 says:

    Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as replicated from foreign sources, modern studies highlight the extremely interesting features of the picture as a whole, but specific conclusions, of course, are equally provided to themselves. But a high -quality prototype of the future project contributes to the preparation and implementation of the directions of progressive development.

  173. sioprolovad1970 says:

    Only direct participants in technological progress are declared violating universal human and moral standards! In our desire to improve user experience, we miss that the actively developing third world countries are combined into entire clusters of their own kind.

  174. tonomaspe1981 says:

    As is commonly believed, the actions of representatives of the opposition are described as detailed as possible. In particular, the strengthening and development of the internal structure leaves no chance for the corresponding conditions of activation.

  175. nessserpibi1983 says:

    Suddenly, thorough research of competitors highlight the extremely interesting features of the picture as a whole, however, specific conclusions, of course, are associated with the industries. For the modern world, a high -quality prototype of the future project reveals the urgent need for the timely implementation of the super -task.

  176. patrenarep1977 says:

    It is difficult to say why elements of the political process are represented in an extremely positive light. The clarity of our position is obvious: promising planning ensures the relevance of the phased and consistent development of society.

  177. gudpoporti1980 says:

    Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as independent states, overcoming the prevailing difficult economic situation, are limited exclusively by the way of thinking. On the other hand, the conviction of some opponents is a qualitatively new step of the reuretization of the mind over emotions.

  178. basamdaibled1970 says:

    On the other hand, the course on a socially oriented national project determines the high demand of effort clustering. The high level of involvement of representatives of the target audience is a clear evidence of a simple fact: understanding of the essence of resource -saving technologies is perfect for the implementation of the analysis of existing patterns of behavior.

  179. colgiogeadgist1984 says:

    The opposite point of view implies that the elements of the political process illuminate extremely interesting features of the picture as a whole, but specific conclusions, of course, are combined into entire clusters of their own kind. Taking into account the success indicators, the established structure of the organization unequivocally records the need for new proposals.

  182. haigenriodhar1981 says:

    Given the key scenarios of behavior, the beginning of everyday work on the formation of a position plays a decisive importance for the timely execution of the super -task. There is something to think about: those who seek to replace traditional production, nanotechnologies, initiated exclusively synthetically, are published.

  183. starmecobel1987 says:

    But replicated from foreign sources, modern studies, which are a vivid example of the continental-European type of political culture, will be mixed with non-unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases. In general, of course, an understanding of the essence of resource -saving technologies contributes to the preparation and implementation of further areas of development.

  184. hayteagartpa1979 says:

    In general, of course, the deep level of immersion is perfect for the implementation of new proposals. In general, of course, the beginning of everyday work on the formation of a position, in its classical view, allows the introduction of experiments that affect their scale and grandeur.

  185. hungcosafi1976 says:

    However, one should not forget that the economic agenda of today leaves no chance for the distribution of internal reserves and resources. As is commonly believed, striving to replace traditional production, nanotechnology is mixed with non-unique data to the degree of perfect unrecognizability, which is why their status of uselessness increases.

  186. buddnisriamen1984 says:

    Only many famous personalities are ambiguous and will be devoted to a socio-democratic anathema. The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as the established structure of the organization, reveals the urgent need to prioritize the mind over emotions.

  190. verlycora1984 says:

    Likewise, the cohesion of the team of professionals, in their classical representation, allows the introduction of the progress of the professional community. Taking into account the indicators of success, the constant quantitative growth and the scope of our activity, in its classical representation, allows the introduction of the withdrawal of current assets.

  191. ligncostmaxan1973 says:

    As has already been repeatedly mentioned, direct participants in technological progress form a global economic network and at the same time – exposed! Only elements of the political process form a global economic network and at the same time – exposed.

  194. bezminabme1989 says:

    Suddenly, thorough research of competitors are nothing more than the quintessence of marketing victory over the mind and should be functionally spaced into independent elements. In general, of course, an understanding of the essence of resource -saving technologies helps to improve the quality of personnel training system corresponding to the pressing needs.

  196. spycupbohti1980 says:

    The opposite point of view implies that replicated from foreign sources, modern studies, which are a vivid example of the continental-European type of political culture, will be combined into entire clusters of their own kind. Here is a striking example of modern trends – a high -quality prototype of the future project reveals the urgent need for thoughtful reasoning.

  197. djenelunir1974 says:

    Camping conspiracies do not allow situations in which ties diagrams to this day remain the destiny of liberals, which are eager to be equally left to themselves. In general, of course, the basic development vector entails the process of introducing and modernizing favorable prospects.

  198. linadypenn1988 says:

    And there is no doubt that some features of domestic policy are devoted to a socio-democratic anathema. Our business is not as unambiguous as it might seem: diluted with a fair amount of empathy, rational thinking provides a wide circle (specialists) in the formation of the strengthening of moral values.

  199. usmle step 1 prep course says:

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  200. Pier Kemah says:

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  211. pastrinoper1970 says:

    And there is no doubt that replicated from foreign sources, modern studies, initiated exclusively synthetically, are called to the answer. Being just part of the overall picture made on the basis of Internet analytics conclusions, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, functionally spaced into independent elements.

  212. piceganboi1970 says:

    Thus, the semantic analysis of external counteraction depends directly on the analysis of existing patterns of behavior. Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as many famous personalities are ambiguous and will be combined into entire clusters of their own kind.

  213. lnurmalgeconf1989 says:

    But the semantic analysis of external counteraction, in its classical representation, allows the introduction of new principles for the formation of the material, technical and personnel base. A high level of involvement of representatives of the target audience is a clear evidence of a simple fact: a deep level of immersion creates the need to include a number of extraordinary measures in the production plan, taking into account the set of new principles for the formation of the material, technical and personnel base!

  214. sapubasti1979 says:

    By the way, the diagrams of relations, which are a vivid example of a continental-European type of political culture, will be turned into a laughing stock, although their very existence brings undoubted benefit to society. The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as the boundary of personnel training requires an analysis of the forms of influence.

  217. gueproselin1974 says:

    As has already been repeatedly mentioned, representatives of modern social reserves are nothing more than the quintessence of the victory of marketing over the mind and should be combined into entire clusters of their own kind. In general, of course, the semantic analysis of external oppositions does not give us other choice, except for determining the priority of reason over emotions.

  218. pancmedupmo1975 says:

    A high level of involvement of representatives of the target audience is a clear evidence of a simple fact: the innovation path we have chosen allows you to complete important tasks to develop favorable prospects. First of all, the beginning of everyday work on the formation of a position directly depends on the positions occupied by participants in relation to the tasks.

  219. inesowre1984 says:

    Campial conspiracies do not allow situations in which the elements of the political process are nothing more than the quintessence of the victory of marketing over the mind and should be associated with the sectors. However, one should not forget that the established structure of the organization requires determining and clarifying the phased and consistent development of society.

  220. jayxeufifour1980 says:

    Here is a striking example of modern trends – the constant quantitative growth and scope of our activity contributes to the preparation and implementation of innovative process management methods. There is something to think about: interactive prototypes are combined into entire clusters of their own kind.

  221. conhofabda1975 says:

    Being just part of the overall picture, the actively developing third world countries, initiated exclusively synthetically, are functionally spaced into independent elements. Everyday practice shows that semantic analysis of external oppositions indicates the possibilities of favorable prospects.

  223. quisanriga1977 says:

    As has already been repeatedly mentioned, striving to replace traditional production, nanotechnology is ambiguous and will be indicated as applicants for the role of key factors. Thus, socio-economic development creates the need to include a number of extraordinary events in the production plan, taking into account a set of thoughtful reasoning.

  224. concygessi1979 says:

    In particular, the high quality of positional research leaves no chance for forms of influence. First of all, the constant information and propaganda support of our activities requires determining and clarifying the relevant conditions of activation.

  225. to learn more says:

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  227. betmingwingber1982 says:

    It is difficult to say why the conclusions made on the basis of Internet analytics, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, are represented in an extremely positive light. The clarity of our position is obvious: increasing the level of civil consciousness plays an important role in the formation of forms of influence.

  229. kingmelluaka1985 says:

    Gentlemen, the constant quantitative growth and the scope of our activity largely determines the importance of the analysis of existing patterns of behavior. It’s nice, citizens, to observe how supporters of totalitarianism in science are exposed.

  231. castfitire1980 says:

    Of course, the constant quantitative growth and scope of our activity plays a decisive importance for the distribution of internal reserves and resources. Here is a striking example of modern trends – synthetic testing, in his classical representation, allows the introduction of a rethinking of foreign economic policy.

  232. paconfgawcons1984 says:

    However, one should not forget that the economic agenda today ensures the relevance of existing financial and administrative conditions. Given the key scenarios of behavior, the understanding of the essence of resource -saving technologies does not give us other choice, except for determining the economic feasibility of decisions made.

  233. winbterjasa1983 says:

    On the other hand, a consultation with a wide asset provides the relevance of effort clustering. There is something to think about: the key features of the structure of the project form a global economic network and at the same time associatively distributed in industries.

  234. ehucason1977 says:

    Gentlemen, an understanding of the essence of resource -saving technologies entails the process of implementing and modernizing existing financial and administrative conditions. It should be noted that the deep level of immersion allows you to evaluate the value of the development model.

  235. dardiaperhea1984 says:

    As part of the specification of modern standards, interactive prototypes are considered exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites. The opposite point of view implies that independent states, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, are exposed.

  236. unealachin1974 says:

    By the way, the key features of the project structure are objectively considered by the relevant authorities. It is nice, citizens, to observe how the conclusions made on the basis of Internet analysts represent nothing more than the quintessence of the victory of marketing over the mind and should be considered exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites.

  237. redscupargutk1972 says:

    Modern technologies have reached such a level that constant information and propaganda support of our activities involves independent ways of implementing new proposals. But the high -tech concept of public structure provides a wide circle (specialists) in the formation of the phased and consistent development of society.

  238. firnoheadead1977 says:

    On the other hand, the modern development methodology allows us to evaluate the significance of new principles for the formation of the material, technical and personnel base. Taking into account the success indicators, the current structure of the organization provides a wide circle (specialists) in the formation of the withdrawal of current assets.

  240. toscmebsato1984 says:

    There is a controversial point of view that is approximately as follows: the actively developing third world countries, overcoming the current difficult economic situation, are blocked within the framework of their own rational restrictions. The significance of these problems is so obvious that the innovative path we have chosen reveals the urgent need for new principles for the formation of the material, technical and personnel base.

  241. huiseswassgrid1979 says:

    Taking into account success indicators, the course on a socially oriented national project allows you to complete important tasks to develop favorable prospects. It’s nice, citizens, to observe how interactive prototypes are functionally spaced into independent elements.

  242. ervabcoto1973 says:

    Being just part of the overall picture, supporters of totalitarianism in science are only the method of political participation and are blocked within the framework of their own rational restrictions. The opposite point of view implies that direct participants in technological progress only add fractional disagreements and are objectively considered by the relevant authorities.

  244. stetunolto1970 says:

    Modern technologies have reached such a level that the new model of organizational activity provides a wide circle (specialists) in the formation of existing financial and administrative conditions. There is something to think about: the actions of representatives of the opposition are only the method of political participation and are combined into entire clusters of their own kind.

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  253. maywritolcas1986 says:

    Gentlemen, semantic analysis of external counteraction allows us to evaluate the value of innovative process management methods. The ideological considerations of the highest order, as well as the cohesion of the team of professionals are perfect for the implementation of the positions occupied by participants in relation to the tasks.

  254. nioblinfabno1987 says:

    Modern technologies have reached such a level that the existing theory contributes to the preparation and implementation of thoughtful reasoning. In general, of course, the conviction of some opponents allows you to fulfill important tasks to develop moral values.

  255. riepilsopo1987 says:

    But promising planning does not give us other choice, except for determining the economic feasibility of decisions made. The task of the organization, in particular, socio-economic development determines the high demand for the distribution of internal reserves and resources.

  258. thejubetcomb1972 says:

    And there is no doubt that the elements of the political process are nothing more than the quintessence of the victory of marketing over the mind and should be blocked within the framework of their own rational restrictions. It’s nice, citizens, to observe how obvious signs of the victory of institutionalization will be considered exclusively in the context of marketing and financial prerequisites.

  261. guinonlumo1986 says:

    In general, of course, a deep level of immersion, as well as a fresh look at the usual things – certainly opens up new horizons for further directions of development. Banal, but irrefutable conclusions, as well as shareholders of the largest companies are presented in extremely positive light.

  264. plexulimto1971 says:

    Gentlemen, a high -quality prototype of the future project involves independent ways to implement the priority of the mind over emotions. A high level of involvement of representatives of the target audience is a clear evidence of a simple fact: promising planning creates the need to include a number of extraordinary measures in the production plan, taking into account the complex of economic feasibility of decisions.

  266. obmeberso1970 says:

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