پژوهش های عمومی سازژوست

نی

Posted on by مدیرکل
ساز نی
09
بهمن

ساز نی یا نی هفت بند از سازهای بادی ایرانیست که از گیاه نی ساخته می شود. برای ساخت نی آن را طوری برش می دهند که شامل هفت بند شود. نی هفت بند متشکل از ۵ سوراخ در جلو و یک سوراخ در پشت می باشد. که انگشتان دوم و چهارم از یک دست و انگشتان اول تا چهارم از دست دیگر را در بر می گیرد.

تاریخچه ساز نی

ساز نی یا نای، جزو قدیمی ترین سازها در دسته سازهای بدون زبانه میباشد. که در ایران هم تاریخچه ای طولانی دارد. فارابی در کتاب «الموسیقی الکبیر» درباره نای و انواع آن بسیار سخن گفته است و همینطور در آئین مسیحیت و روایت های قدیمی، نای، کاربردهای فراوانی داشته است. لذا قدمت این ساز را به سال ها پیش از میلاد مسیح نیز میتوان نسبت داد.

ساختار ساز نی

ساز نی از 6 گره و 7 بند تشکیل شده است. هنگام نواختن، هوا از دهانه ی آن وارد میشود و با انگشت گذاری بر روی سوراخ هایی که بر روی بدنه نی وجود دارد، فشار هوا تغییر می کند و صداهای گوناگون تولید میشوند.

در هنگام ساخت این ساز، روی گره ها را با نواری می پوشانند و بر سر دهانه و انتهای ساز، لوله استوانه  کوتاهی به طول 7 سانتی متر و هم قطر با ضخامت آن، از جنس فلز برنج قرار میدهند.

ساختار ساز نی
ساختار نی

طول این ساز حدود ۶۵ تا ۳۰ سانتی متر و قطر آن حدود ۳ تا ۱/۵ سانتی متر می باشد. تعداد ۵ سوراخ در طرف جلو و یک سوراخ در طرف عقب نی وجود دارد.

هرچه لوله ساز باریک تر و کوتاه تر باشد، نغمه و صدای ساز زیرتر می شود. به علت ساختار طبیعی بدنه نی و عدم امکان کوک کردن آن، می توان با توجه به تغیر طول و قطر لوله، از هر مبنای فرکانسی و از هر پرده موسیقایی، نی ساخت.

انواع نی

نی کوتاه

ساز نی کوتاه سازیست که بیشتر در اجرای آهنگ های محلی کاربرد دارد، و قطر بیشتری از بقیه نی ها دارد. هر دو صدای زیروبم از آن خارج می شود. نوازنده با استفاده از دورگه نمودن صدا، توسط این ساز صدای بم تولید می کند.

نی بلند

دربین نی ها بلندترین گونه ی نی محسوب می شود که طول آن به 70 تا 80 سانتی متر می رسد. به این نی، خرک هم می گویند که دارای صدای بم و سوزناکی می باشد و تعداد سوراخ های آن 5 تا است. این ساز در میان مردم مناطق جنوب و ترکمن ها و خراسان، مرسوم و متداول است.

دوزله

این ساز از اتصال دو لوله از جنس مس یا نی ساخته شده است. که آن ها را به موازات هم محکم می بندند. هرکدام ازاین دولوله جدا، دارای قمیشی یک زبانه هستند که به طور مستقل از هم عمل می کنند. این ساز نی در میان عشایر ایران رواج بیشتری دارد.

قره نی

ساز قره نی از ترکیب دو واژه ترکی به نام قره (سیاه) و نی ایجاد شده (نی سیاه) و در کشورهای اروپائی با نام کلارینت شناخته می شود. در واقع قره نی نوعی از کلارینت است که توانایی تولید فاصله های موسیقی شرقی (ربع پرده) را دارد. در موقع نواختن، این نوع ساز نی کاملاً در دهان و مابین دندانها قرار می گیرد. جنس بدنه آن از چوب آبنوس یا فلز می باشد.

نی‌لبک

ساز نی لبک نوعی نی کوچک است، که یک سر آن را میان دو لب قرار داده و با دمیدن در آن می نوازند.

هفت بند

ساز نی هفت بند دارای 5 سوراخ است که 4 عدد از آن ها بر روی نی و یکی در پشت آن قرار دارد. این ساز دارای 7 بند و 6 گره می باشد و احتمالاً علت نام گذاری آن به نام  “هفت بند” نیز همین باشد. البته به صورت کلی عدد هفت در میان ایرانیان از جایگاه ویژه ای برخوردار بوده است. این نوع نی را معمولاً با دندان می نوازند به این صورت که سر آن را میان دندان ها قرار داده و هوا را بدون واسطه به داخل آن می دمند. نی هفت بند دارای 4 منطقه صوتی بم، اوج، غیث و ذیل است.

نوازندگان نی

از نوازندگان شناخته شده ساز نی می توان به نایب اسدالله، حسن کسایی، عبدالنقی افشارنیا، محمدعلی کیانی نژاد، محمد موسوی، حسن ناهید و جمشید عندلیبی اشاره نمود.

نوازندگان ساز نی
نوازندگان نی

نحوه نواختن نی

ساز نی با جایگیری میان دو دندان نیش و گرد کردن زبان در پایین و پشت آن نواخته می شود. اما اساتیدی همچون جمشید عندلیبی زبان را در بالا قرار میدهند. سخت ترین چیز در ساز نی، درآوردن صدای آن است و انگشت‌گذاری آن ساده است.

پس باز و بسته شدن سوراخ ها توسط انگشتان هردو دست نوازنده، طول هوای مرتعش و طول موج ارتعاش را کم و زیاد کرده، و این عمل موجب زیر و بم شدن صدا میشود.

در کل شیوه نی نوازی به دو گونه نایب اسدالله و کسایی است.

جهت آشنایی سایر ساز ها کلیک نمایید.

جهت مشاهده و خرید ساز های بادی کلیک نمایید.

مدیرکل

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